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ñQ>rb Am¡a {ddoH$mZ§X & àYmZ_§Ímr H$m`m©b` H$r g§ñVw{V`m±
g§ñWmnH$ : nm`Zr`a
g§ñWmnH$ - O_eoXOr ZwgoadmZOr Q>mQ>m (1839-1904)
{dbjU H$ënZm-f{ŠV Am¡a A§VX¥©{íQ> Ho$ YZr Bg _hm_Zm Zo
^maVr` CÚmoJ H$r AmYma{fbm aIr, BgHo$ gwJR>Z _o§ `moJXmZ {X`m Am¡a ^maV Ho$
Am¡Úmo{JH$ nwZOm©JaU Ho$ EH$ _w"` ì`{ŠVËd ~ZH$a C^ao &
nmagr nwamo{hVmo§ H$r d§f-naånam Ho$ EH$ n{adma _o§ VWm nmagr
g§ñH¥${V Ho$ EH$ nwamVZ Ho$ÝX, Zdgmar, _o§ 3 _mM© 1839
H$mo OÝ_o lr O_eoXOr Zo AnZm AÜ``Z Eb{\§$ñQ>Z H$m°boO, ~å~B©, _o§ nyam {H$`m
&
CZHo$ {nVm Zo H$_ C_"_o§ hr CÝho§ ì`dgm` H$m VH$ZrH$r kmZ
{X`m& CÝhmo§Zo ~hwV ^"_U {H$`m, d¡km{ZH$ X¥{íQ>-gånÝZ ~Zo Am¡a
gd©àW_ ^maV _o§ dñÍm ì`dgm` go lrJUof {H$`m& CÝhmo§Zo ZB© _frZar H$mo H$m_
_o§ bJmH$a Xof _o§ gyVr dñÍm Ho$ CËnmXZ _o§ ì`mnH$ àJ{V H$m _mJ© àfñV
{H$`m& VWm{n CÝho§ `h bJZo bJm {H$ ^maV H$r gÀMr ñdV§ÍmVm d¡km{ZH$ kmZ VWm
D$Om© Am¡a BñnmV O¡gr dñVwAmo§ _o§ BgH$r AmË_-gånÝZVm na {Z^©a h¡& Bg Vah
AnZo OrdZ H$m A{YH$m{YH$ ^mJ Am¡a AnZr {Z`{V CÝhmo§Zo BZ VrZ _hmZ CnH"$_mo§ Ho$
{bE g_{n©V H$a {X`m -- ~§Jbmoa _o§ ^maVr` {dkmZ g§ñWmZ, Ob{~Obr n{a`moOZmE± VWm
O_foXnwa _o§ bm¡h Am¡a BñnmV g§`§Ím H$r ñWmnZm&
CZHo$ {bE YZ AnZo Amn _o§ H$moB© bú` Zhr§ Wm daZ² dh EH$ _hmZVa
bú` H$m gmYZ _mÍm Wm Am¡a dh _hmZVa bú` Wm : ^maV H$r ~ohVa g_¥{Õ& l_ Ho$
gå~ÝY _o§ CZH$m ad¡`m AnZo g_` go ~hwV hr AmJo Wm Am¡a CÝhmo§Zo gXm hr Bg AmMma
H$mo ~b {X`m {H$ ì`dgm` H$r g\$bVm ñdñW Am¡a {~Zm bmJ-bnoQ> Ho$ ì`mdgm{`H$
{gÕmÝVmo§ na AmYm{aV hmoVr h¡ : fo`aYmaH$mo§ Ho$ bm^ na VWm H$m_Jmamo§ Ho$ ñdmñÏ`
Am¡a H$ë`mU na& 1892 B©ñdr _o§ hr CÝhmo§Zo _oYmdr
^maVr` N>mÍmmo§ Ho$ {bE {dXof _o§ AÜ``Z H$aZo hoVw Oo.EZ. Q>mQ>m OZ-Ý`mg H$r
ñWmnZm H$a Xr Wr &
CZHo$ {bE YZ AnZo Amn _o§ H$moB© bú` Zhr§ Wm daZ² dh EH$ _hmZVa
bú` H$m gmYZ _mÍm Wm Am¡a dh _hmZVa bú` Wm : ^maV H$r ~ohVa g_¥{Õ& l_ Ho$
gå~ÝY _o§ CZH$m ad¡`m AnZo g_` go ~hwV hr AmJo Wm Am¡a CÝhmo§Zo gXm hr Bg AmMma
H$mo ~b {X`m {H$ ì`dgm` H$r g\$bVm ñdñW Am¡a {~Zm bmJ-bnoQ> Ho$ ì`mdgm{`H$
{gÕmÝVmo§ na AmYm{aV hmoVr h¡ : fo`aYmaH$mo§ Ho$ bm^ na VWm H$m_Jmamo§ Ho$ ñdmñÏ`
Am¡a H$ë`mU na& 1892 B©ñdr _o§ hr CÝhmo§Zo _oYmdr
^maVr` N>mÍmmo§ Ho$ {bE {dXof _o§ AÜ``Z H$aZo hoVw Oo.EZ. Q>mQ>m OZ-Ý`mg H$r
ñWmnZm H$a Xr Wr &
Q>mCZ ßbm{Z§J Ho$ EH$ nm`Zr`a Ho$ ê$n _o§ CÝho§ Omo
_w"` Xm{`Ëd gm¡§nm J`m dh Wm ~å~B© H$m AmYw{ZH$rH$aU& AË`§V ~mar{H$`mo§
na Ü`mZ XoVo hwE CÝhmo§Zo EH$ BñnmV ZJa H$r n{aH$ënZm V¡`ma H$r {Ogo ~mX _o§
CÝhr§ Ho$ Zm_ na O_foXnwa Zm_ go OmZm J`m &
nm`Zr`g© -- ga Xmoam~Or Q>mQ>m (1859-1933)
do EH$ AÀNo> ñnmoQ©²>g_¡Z ^r Wo {OÝho§ amB{S§>J,
Qo>{Zg, \w$Q>~m°b, {H"$Ho$Q> BË`m{X _o§ _hmaV hm{gb Wr& do ^maVr`
Amo{b§{nH$ g§K Ho$ AÜ`j ^r aho {OgH$r godm CÝhmo§Zo ~hwV hr CËgmhnyd©H$,
CXmaVmnyd©H$ {XE JE H$moemo§ Am¡a nyar à{V~ÕVm go H$r& do ~å~B© Ho$ nmagr
{O_ImZm Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ Wo Am¡a {d{b§½S>Z ñnmoQ©²>g Šb~ Ho$ g§ñWmnH$
gXñ`&
CZHo$ bmoH$monH$ma gå~ÝYr H$m`© Ag§"` Am¡a CXmaVmnyU©
Wo& CÝhmo§Zo Xmoam~ Q>mQ>m M¡{aQo>~wb Q->ñQ> H$m g§MmbZ {H$`m
{OgH$r H$amo‹S>mo§ H$r gån{ËV AmO ^r AZoH$ bmoH$monH$mar H$m`mo©§ Am¡a
g§ñWmAmo§ Ho$ {bE IM© H$r Om ahr h¡ &
 Ohm±Jra aVZOr XmXm^mB© Q>mQ>m (1904-1993)
CÝhmo§Zo 1904 _o§ Q>mQ>m g§g
{b{_Qo>S> H$m AÜ`j nX J"hU {H$`m O~{H$ do 34 de©
Ho$ `wdm Wo& naÝVw AJbo 50 demo©§ go ^r A{YH$
H$mbI§S> _o§ CZH$r H${aî_mB©, AZwfm{gV Am¡a àJ{V_wIr ZoV¥ËdfrbVm Zo
Q>mQ>m J"wn H$mo Cnb{ãY`mo§, {dñVma Am¡a AmYw{ZH$rH$aU H$r ~wb§{X`mo§ na
nhw±Mm {X`m& CZH$r AJwdmB© _o§ Q>mQ>m Ho$ CnH"$_mo§ H$r g§"`m 13 go ~‹T>H$a bJ^J 80 na nhw±M
JB© Am¡a BgHo$ Xm`ao _o§ {g_Q> AmE BñnmV, D$Om©-CËnmXZ, B§Or{Z`{a§J, hmoQ>b,
nam_f© godmE±, gyMZm VH$ZrH$, H$bm-g§ñH¥${V, Cn^moŠVm gm_J"r, Am¡Úmo{JH$
CËnmX BË`m{X &
CZH$r ì`mdgm{`H$ AmMma-Zr{V H$r A§VYm©am _o§ _hmZ ñdßZXfr©
O_goËOr Q>mQ>m Ho$ {gÕmÝV Am¡a AmXf© Wo&, gmW hr do Eogo _wX²Xmo§ na ^r
g§Ke©aV aho Omo CZH$r g_P _o§ ^maV Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE AË`mdî`H$ Wo : n{adma {Z`moOZ,
Zmar-{fjm, gmjaVm H$m àgma, BË`m{X& Q>mQ>m ñQ>rb _o§ fV à{VfV g\$b
n{adma H$ë`mU `moOZmE± Am¡a g~Ho$ {bE {fjm Ho$ H$m`©H"$_ O¡gr J{V{d{Y`mo§ H$m
OÝ_ àË`j ê$n go Oo Ama S>r Q>mQ>m H$r A§VX¥©{íQ> go hr hwAm h¡ &
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